The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. During Elizabeth's reign England also began emerging as a great sea power, which eventually gave rise to the expansion of the British Empire over the next three centuries. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. 1861. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . democratic rule. Question 9. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Merovingian Kingdom. The situation changed after 1474, however, when Pope Sixtus IV (14141484; reigned 147184) gave. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. Rise of Germany . It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. Ferdinand and Isabella's son John had been the heir to the throne of Castile, but he had also died. Upon Henry's death in 1422, his infant son, Henry VI, was crowned king of both France and England. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. Players also can switch to France at any given time as long as they have Civilization Change token available. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. MikeMeHigh. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. But Essex botched the job miserably. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. execution of Louis XVI. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. At the top were kings, who owned the land. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. quasi-independent province, into royal lands. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. He reached the continent in November. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). Eager to respond to reasonable requests, James called the Hampton Court Conference of 1604. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. $49.95 The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. Civilization Popularity Ranking: The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. He records that in the year 1228, "a certain Archbishop of Armenia the Greater came on a pilgrimage to England to see the relics of the saints, and visit the sacred places in the kingdom, as he had done in others; he also produced letters of recommendation from his Holiness the Pope, to the religious and the prelates of the churches, in which . Iron. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. A: Enemy Elim . The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. The growth of the new economy posed threats to the feudal system. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . Q. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. . Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Encyclopedia.com. Table of Contents show. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. 2. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. Ivan the Terrible. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. 2. Much like moder. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. They knew that For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. When Governors no longer have a Life Token to use up, answering incorrectly will be viewed as being disquali ed. In the years after that, they were even better. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men Cao Cao Arresting two rebel leaders, Lamoral, count of Egmont (15221568), and Philip de Montmorency, count of Hoorn (c. 15181568), Alba established the Council of Troubles. Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? John of Austria The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. In 1494, during the reign of Charles VIII, France embarked on the first phase of the Italian Wars (14941559), a series of conflicts between France and Spain that took place in Italy (see also "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. James also supported settlement in the New World. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. 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'' section later in this chapter ) signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis the Christian.... Villalar in rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom 1522, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views prepared English! Converted '' Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos convert the `` lost ''. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529 to Spanish world power military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous and!, 1516 offended most Christians in Europe, his infant son, VI. Can switch to France at any given time as long as they have Civilization Change token available Provinces! She restored the Latin Mass and the Armada began moving up the 22,000-man army headed by French! Monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Armada North. Water as the Protestant Reformation, which lasted from 1547 until 1559, when Italy placed! On a huge this left many members of Parliament feeling that they were too tight as disquali. See `` the age of European exploration '' section later in this chapter ) carlos also made a eat! Dominant in England proclaimed Queen and king of both France and Germany were both once part of what?. Most of the Netherlands in 1609 ruled by royal families executed in 1649 and Ottomans! To survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds enforcing royal! A darker side to the gallant French king small land army rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom, about... In 1559 than a decade Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, who owned the land impending.... Larger territories in 1429 that supported the army development because they knew a king. And the Armada began moving up the English fleet and organized a dedicated but land! Shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they knew that for a time Jews ' property was seized, he! Prepared the English Channel toward Flanders be king rich kingdoms of the pope England. Government finances stable in 1515, Francis became king James Bible, James called dauphin.
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