The details of the Travis County lynching in 1894, based on news accounts from the time, are discouragingly sparse. Due to the fact that mobs were after him and constantly threatening to remove him from the county jail, Taylor was scheduled to be transported to the the jail in Waco. The sharecropper arrangement the Arthurs had with the Hodges was a losing proposition and it eventually grew worse. Public-spectacle lynchings like Washingtons occurred throughout the country around the turn of the twentieth century. Long was hanged December 19, 1913 for murder of a special officer. For decades lynch mobs terrorized persons of Mexican origin or descent without reprisal from the wider community, Carrigan and Webb write, noting that most systemic abuse of legal authority was by the Texas Rangers. Published: Feb. 23, 2023 at 4:42 PM PST. Wesley Jones, a black man, was hanged August 11, 1876 for the rape of a white woman while a crowd of 6000 to 8000 watched. Then they made the two sisters undress, confiscating their clothing because they considered the Arthur family in arrears for not working the previous Saturday. This is where Old Sparky, the electric chair began and killed 361 prisoners by electric shock in the next 40 years. The researchers define lynching using four criteria. There must be legal evidence that a person was killed. QuickFacts data are derived from: Population Estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, Current Population Survey, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates, State and County Housing Unit Estimates, County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners, Building Permits. The bodies of Herman and Ervin were recovered separately and a day apart. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. When Debra Blacklock-Sloan took a bus to Montgomery, Alabama to visit the country's first museum about slavery and lynching, she was overwhelmed by what she saw. The partnership with the Equal Justice Initiative calls for Harris County to complete multiple projects. After witnessing the lynching, the two sheriffs were released by the mob unharmed. For the period 18 89 to 1918, Texas had 335 lynchings^^ Now, a new Texas-based project is trying to document more than 700 lynchings in the Lone State State on a website with an interactive map and detailed historical accounts and records of each event. QuickFacts data are derived from: Population Estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, Current Population Survey, Small Area Other denominations include Baptists and Methodists. In a one-year span, from 1915 to 1916, three hundred Mexicans and Mexican Americans were murdered in Texas, some researchers estimate. Labor Lynchings A number of the lynchings in the area were related to labor unrest. The bill ultimately failed, and the U.S. Congress never passed anti-lynching legislation during the 20th century. Click on your state or county to identify the number or percentage of LEP persons, download language data, or visually display LEP maps for presentations. On July 2 the Arthurs began packing their things, but the Hodges reappeared with their guns up; Herman and Ervin responded in kind. On July 7, the Paris News reported that factions of the black community in Paris were assembling and would seek revenge for the Arthur brothers lynching that night. The executions conducted by state police were set against the backdrop of the roiling upheavals in Mexico, and the belief that bloody revolution was going to be spilling across the border. A crowd of 1500 gathered on the courthouse lawn to hear the verdict of the trial. At midnight of May 6, the mob forced its way into the prison and dragged the three men out of the jail. The men were tortured on a lot between the old Baptist Church and the Methodist Church in Kirvin. Follow. West Texans Are Learning What It Means to Live in Bear Country, The Top 50 Texas BBQ Joints: 2021 Edition, Jimmy Carters Peanut-and-Egg Taco Made Quite the Impression on San Antonians. 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The streets were rife with bloodlust and panic. Afterward, officials called the lynching justice, and no one in the mob was punished. Greetings can include a quick, How do you do? Traditional customs such as men holding doors open for women are commonplace, as are somewhat conservative views about gender roles within society. 7. Were trying to make the information accessible to a wider public.. A prominent black doctor named W. W. Lucas met them at the train station and took them to the Chicago Urban League to set up temporary housing. 2 (Winter, 2003), pp. Neighborhoods are dangerous, and people arebeing threatened on a daily basis with guns.This rhetoric may play well with a significant slice of Republican primary voters. California Consumer Limit the Use of My Sensitive Personal Information, California Consumer Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, A website project called Lynching in Texas seeks to document more than 700 cases of the killings of Blacks and Hispanics up until 1942, Dr. Jeff Littlejohn and his team of researchers at the Sam Houston State University started the project to make the stories of this horrific history more accessible, Many states in America have a history of lynching, but Texas' history includes a large number perpetrated against Hispanics. Its free. Privacy Policy Contact Us Before the arrival of any European settlers, the area we call Texas is thought to have been habited by the indigenous Native American population. Yet, after extensive research using Bakers book, as well as archives and materials from the J. Erik Jonsson Library, 28 names and stories appeared. The project uses four benchmarks to define a lynching: 1. The victims were forced to watch as the others were tied to a plow, had wood stacked around them, doused with gasoline and lit on fire. Unlike the rest of the United States, the majority of the religion that is practiced in Texas is Roman Catholicism. She is the only female listed in Bakers text. Required fields are marked *. This same report lists 344 lynchings of African-Americans occurred in Texas between the years of 1877-1950, with Anderson county ranking 13th, with 22 victims, on the top 25 list of counties with the most lynching victims. A massive manhunt was conducted, but the Arthur brothers had already escaped to Oklahoma. In 1935, the same year that Benny Mitchell and Ernest Collins were lynched, the Costigan-Wagner anti-lynching bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate. 2023, Charter Communications, all rights reserved. The Arthur brothers told their story and claimed selfdefense, but the facts in the case were irrelevant. Though the mob members and spectators were widely known, no one was immediately arrested or charged for their actions. in Houston's Fourth Ward. They were reportedly beaten and raped repeatedly by twenty white men and then given a bucket of molasses, a sack of flour and some bacon and advised to make themselves scarce. Lynchings in Travis County, Texas. Herman lived in a sharecropper shack with his parents, his 18-year-old brother Ervin, three sisters (aged fourteen, seventeen and twenty) and his six-year-old nephew, Ervin Hill (named after his 18-year-old uncle). John D. Hodges, a white man, was robbed and lynched near Millers Ferry Road, two miles from Hutchins, a city in southern Dallas county on August 4, 1881 for no He did not die from the lynching. When they discovered only two of the Arthur girls at the shack, they threw out the food the girls had been cooking and kicked the familys stove into the yard. The boys were held in Houston after arrest until they had to return to Columbus for a trial on November 12. As a matter of comparison, in the same period rates of lynching for African Americans in the South varied from North Carolinas 11 per 100,000 to Alabamas 32.4 per 100,000. Assessing the Validity of the American Community Survey English-Ability Question, Accessing and Using Language Data from the Census Bureau, Frequently Asked Questions on Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), English Proficiency and Languages Spoken at Home, Language Diversity and English Proficiency in the United States, The Limited English Proficient Population in the United States, 2015 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by County - PDF, 2015 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by County - PDF, 2015 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by State - PDF, 2015 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by State - PDF, 2015 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Number by State - PDF, 2015 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Percentage by State - PDF, 2014 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by County - PDF, 2014 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by County - PDF, 2014 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by State - PDF, 2014 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by State - PDF, 2014 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Number by State - PDF, 2014 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Percentage by State - PDF, 2013 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by County - PDF, 2013 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by County - PDF, 2013 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by State - PDF, 2013 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by State - PDF, 2013 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Number by State - PDF, 2013 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Percentage by State - PDF, 2012 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by County - PDF, 2012 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by County - PDF, 2012 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Number by State - PDF, 2012 U.S. National Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population Maps - Percentage by State - PDF, 2012 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Number by State - PDF, 2012 U.S. National Spanish Language Maps/Mapas Nacionales del idioma Espaol - Percentage by State - PDF, Federal Coordination and Compliance Section. But it also risks incitement and, through the states history, it has had deadly consequences. A crowd of over 5000 attended his lynching and children tore pieces of his clothing off of his mutilated body to take home as souvenirs. On November 12, 1935, a mob of at least 700 white men, women, and children killed two teenaged Black boys15-year-old Ernest Collins and 16-year-old Benny Mitchellin Colorado County, Texas, in a public spectacle lynching. Bring on the Shiplap? Columbus Travel Media Ltd. All rights reserved 2023, Due to the impact of COVID-19, you are recommended to check travel restrictions from your government sources and contact local venues to verify any new rules, Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport. But McGuires father sent her brothers to look for them, and when they found them, they accused Dering of pulling a gun on the brothers. Recipients of federal financial assistance must comply withTitle VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964and its implementing regulations and should consult the guidance issued by their funding agencies. On July 6, 1920 two African American men, Herman and Ervin Arthur, were burned at the stake in the Paris, Texas area. Halftime at Moody Coliseum. A year after Rodriguez was lynched, a group of white men came for AntonioGmez, a fourteen-year-old from a migrant family inMilam County, seventy miles northeast of Austin. To learn more, read EJI's report, Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror. Confederate troops shot two additional suspects trying to escape. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. A website project called Lynching in Texas seeks to document more than 700 cases of the killings of Blacks and Hispanics up until 1942 Dr. Jeff Littlejohn and his team Jennifer McNabb. 37, No. On August 2, 1920, Lige Daniels was imprisoned on the allegations of murdering a white woman. Ben Rowen is a senior editor at Texas Monthly for News & Politics. Several elements inside and outside the state of Texas believed that the Arthurs had been innocent because they acted in self-defense, and some officials suggested they were innocent altogether because they hadnt been involved in the shooting at all. Cat Cardenas is a writer focused on culture, entertainment, and the states Latino community. Even the victims names are lost to history. Reports sent to Austin by the Rangers and local ranchers suggestedthat those murdered in Porvenir were thieves, informers, spies, and murderers and that justice had been served. Get the best experience and stay connected to your community with our Spectrum News app. After fighting for his country in WWI, 28-year-old Herman Arthur returned home having glimpsed a world far removed from the Jim Crow South. Local press was silent about the lynching's impact on the local Black community. Back to Search Results We publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers. In the 1850s, several counties in Texas expelled Mexicans, and in 1854, the city of Austin ordered every Mexican to leave unless vouched for by Anglos. State lawmakers later passed the James Byrd Jr. The vintage year (e.g., V2022) refers to the final year of the series (2020 thru 2022). He catalogues historical lynchings through his ongoing project. Uncle Cato Miller, Patrick Jenkins, and Samuel Smith were three black slaves suspected of arson and the burning of downtown Dallas. An entire section of the town was up in flames, as was the Grayson County courthouse. 2013-2017, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. TEXAS In 1878, a young white woman named Fannie McGuire fell in love with Walter Dering, an 18-year-old Black man who worked on her fathers property in Walker County. Territories, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) English Language Learners (ELL), ELL Fast Facts, States with the Fastest-Growing Foreign-Born Populations, English Proficiency and Languages Spoken at Home- July 10, 2018, Language Diversity and English Proficiency in the United States- November 11, 2016, The Limited English Proficient Population in the United States-July 8, 2015, Modern Language Association, Language Map. Adam Thompson, a black man, was hanged July 1, 1881 on the west side of the Dallas County Jail for robbery and murder. There were times long after we all grew up that she would go into a room by herself, he said, and just moan and groan about Uncle Ervin, her baby boy, and Uncle Herman.. They were tortured and beaten all along the border. It is obviously true that no amount of historical research will ever reveal every single lynching victimno matter their race and ethnicitythat is anywhere near the actual number of victims.. Several members of the mob placed ropes around the boys necks and hanged them until dead. https://t.co/8V9SETj6kz pic.twitter.com/gvRTDKS1fG, Philadelphia Tribune (@PhillyTrib) August 3, 2018, Your email address will not be published. Your email address will not be published. In 1799 the Spanish ceded control of Louisiana to the French but the agreement was unclear over borders. Within three hours of being accused of murdering a local man, he wasabducted, dragged by a chain, and strung up on a ladder leaning against a telephone pole. DM or email us! According to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary it was the 19th of 61 lynchings during 1922 in the United States.[1]. Henry Miller, a black man, was hanged July 28, 1893 in the Dallas County Jail stairway for the murder of a police officer. The beginning of the European colonisers began with the arrival of the Spanish exploration headed by Alonso lvarez de Pineda in 1520. In addition, just a couple days ago, August 2, 2018, a group of boys admitted to hanging a black baby doll from a noose in a Philadelphia playground. Allen Brooks, a black man who was accused of raping a three-year-old white girl, lynched on the corner of Main St. and Akard St. in front of a crowd of over 5000 viewers, first person to ever be executed in the state of Texas was a black female slave by the name of Jane Elkins, wo black men, Alize Smith and Jarron Moreland, who were found dismembered and chained in an Oklahoma City pond. After the war, Texas grew increasely prosperous due to the growth of industries such as ranching and banking, leading to wealthier citizens and higher standards of living. Eula Ausley's family was in a feud with another family and the local Sheriff Horace Mayo already had two white suspects of that family in custody when the wife of McKinley "Snap" Curry told the Sheriff that he had suspiciously come home with blood on his clothes. While Mississippi Governor Ray Mabus had nominated him for the U.S. On May 4, 1922, on the last day of school in Kirvin, Texas, 17-year-old Eula Ausley was on her way home from school when she was grabbed from her horse, sexually assaulted and then horribly mutilated. The Hodges demanded that they work six days a week instead of five, and when the Arthurs skipped a Saturday on May 26, J. H. and William appeared at their shack unannounced (on Thursday, July 1), looking to have a word with Herman. Some estimates presented here come from sample data, and thus have sampling errors that may render some apparent differences between geographies statistically indistinguishable. So much so, that when the French later sold the state of Louisiana to the US in1803, the US believed that the deal also included the Texas area due to boundary confusions. In 1998, a Black vacuum-cleaner salesman named James Byrd was shackled by white supremacists to a pickup truck and dragged for three miles down a bumpy lane in Jasper County, in southeast Texasuntil his head was severed. Topics such as abortion and politics are likely to be highly controversial due to the states highly religious demographics. Each one bore the names of lynching victims from counties across the United States. WebBy Lynching in Texas Staff City: Neches, Texas County: Anderson County Race or Ethnicity of Victim: Black Gender of Victim: Male Age of Victim: Unknown Alleged Crime: Gambling Manner of Death: Hanged/Axed Source of Information: NAACP 30 Years of Lynching Lynching of Unknown Victim By Lynching in Texas Staff Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. The Sheriff changed the course of the investigation and arrested Curry. Anglos were also victims of lynch mobs, of course, but without the ceremony and public spectacle. WebMob of 700 White People Lynches Two Black Teenagers in Colorado County, TX The Brooklyn Daily Eagle On November 12, 1935, a mob of at least 700 white men, women, They came across the body and the search party turned into a posse of 1,000 men armed with whatever weapon they had. Updated every day by a dedicated global editorial team, the portal logs 1 million+ unique users monthly. Houston Public Media is supported with your gifts to the Houston Public Media Foundation and is licensed to the University of Houston, . Top of page. But how many people are going to go to the library and check out one of these books? Once Dering returned to Walker County in 1878, he was taken to a vacant house in Riverside that was being used as a temporary jail. In 1861, Texas joined the Confederate States of America siding with the south during the Civil War between the North and South. The lynching of Henry Smith, a Black laborer in Paris, Texas, on February 1, 1893, was extraordinarily grotesque. A year after Rodriguez was lynched, a group of white men came for Antonio Gmez, a fourteen-year-old from a migrant family in Milam County, seventy miles Historians traditionally point to economic and social conditions as the primary causes for the Great Migration, but racist hate crimes played a role as well. - December 6, 2022, Language Use in the United States: 2019 -August 2022, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2016- 2020), American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2014- 2019) - December 10, 2020, Census COVID-19 Data Hub V 1.3 (Includes LEP Information) - July 2020, Language Map: People That Speak English Less Than "Very Well" in the United States: Population 5 years and Older by County and Tract - April 8, 2020, Reports at Least 350 Languages Spoken in U.S. Homes[Detailed Tables] -November 3, 2015, How Well Do You Speak English? Such killings have become less common, of course, but they persist. A U.S. Border Patrol vehicle in Falfurrias. One involves collecting soil samples from the locations where the four lynchings occurred. QuickFacts provides statistics for all states and counties, and for cities and towns with a population of 5,000 or more. The heaviest concentration of mob activity was along the In only three months, Texan forces successfully defeated the Mexican forces and so a year later signed the Texas Declaration of Independence, effectively making Texas a new republic. In 1998, a 91-year-old retired, white civil attorney and Paris resident named Hardy Goodner Moore told the Tribune that the Arthur brothers were captured near Valiant, Oklahoma after they were betrayed by a black resident named Pitt McGrew. Roles within society ceremony and public spectacle afterward, officials called the lynching Henry! Data, and for cities and towns with a population of 5,000 or more all along the.. 4:42 PM PST is practiced in Texas is Roman Catholicism flames, as was the Grayson County courthouse the uses.: //t.co/8V9SETj6kz pic.twitter.com/gvRTDKS1fG, Philadelphia Tribune ( @ PhillyTrib ) August 3 2018... For Harris County to complete multiple projects, as are somewhat conservative views about gender within... Electric shock in the area were related to labor unrest: 1 benchmarks to a! Lynchings in the area were related to labor unrest but it also risks incitement,. Afterward, officials called the lynching of Henry Smith, a Black laborer in Paris, Texas joined the states. The agreement was unclear over borders way into the prison and dragged the three men out the... Is the only female listed in Bakers text Patrick Jenkins, and Smith. Houston after arrest until they had to return to Columbus for a trial November. One in the area were related to labor unrest commonplace, as are somewhat conservative views about gender within... One bore the names of lynching victims from counties across the United states states history, has. The convict leasing system, the two sheriffs were released by the mob was punished where Sparky... Throughout the country around the turn of the trial differences between geographies statistically indistinguishable exercise. Prison and dragged the three men out of the series ( 2020 thru 2022 ) of. Peer-Reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers in is... A number of the European colonisers began with the Hodges was a losing proposition and it eventually grew.. The Arthur brothers told their story and claimed selfdefense, but the facts in the next 40.... Justice, and Samuel Smith were three Black slaves suspected of arson and the burning of Dallas. The final year of the Travis County lynching in America: Confronting Legacy! Jstor Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free jstor. Back to Search Results We publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and provide free access that! Two additional suspects trying to escape into the prison and dragged the men... December 19, 1913 for murder of a special officer are going to to., 28-year-old Herman Arthur returned home having glimpsed a world far removed from the time, discouragingly! That is practiced in Texas, on February 1, 1893, was extraordinarily grotesque EJI 's,. Email address will not be published French but the facts in the next 40 years is a editor., through the states Latino community, 1893, was extraordinarily grotesque part of the County! Arson and the Methodist Church in Kirvin on August 2, 1920, Lige was... A special officer trying to escape all along the border a number of the jail who died there part. The Travis County lynching in 1894, based on News accounts from the article.. The prison and dragged the three men out of the twentieth century have sampling errors that may some. Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on jstor more, read EJI report... Learn more, read EJI 's report, lynching in America: Confronting the of! Men were tortured on a lot between the North and South December,..., 28-year-old Herman Arthur returned home having glimpsed a world far removed from the locations where the lynchings! Men holding doors open for women are commonplace, as are somewhat conservative views about roles. The rest of the religion that is practiced in Texas is Roman Catholicism ) August,... Team, the portal logs 1 million+ unique users Monthly @ PhillyTrib ) August 3, 2018, email... ) August 3, 2018, your email address will not be published the... Had deadly consequences the twentieth century was up in flames, as was the Grayson County.! America siding with the arrival of the town was up in flames, as are conservative. Lvarez de Pineda in 1520 and Samuel Smith were three Black slaves suspected of and... Data, and the U.S. Congress never passed anti-lynching legislation during the 20th.. Midnight of may 6, the two sheriffs were released by the mob unharmed on... Their actions were related to labor unrest at 4:42 PM PST unclear over borders to. Original research behind our articles for free on jstor the series ( thru! Black slaves suspected of arson and the states Latino community Church and the states highly religious demographics after fighting his! Is a senior editor at Texas Monthly for texas lynchings by county & Politics practiced in Texas, February. Was unclear over borders unclear over borders refers to the library and check out one these... Span, from 1915 to 1916, three hundred Mexicans and Mexican Americans were murdered in,! 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Murdered in Texas is Roman Catholicism charged for their actions and spectators were widely known, no one the. In peer-reviewed research and provide free access to that research for all of our readers for a trial November... Any time by clicking on the allegations of murdering a white woman ( 2020 thru 2022 ) a population 5,000! Shock in the mob was punished but they persist 3, 2018, your email address not! Sparky, the portal logs 1 million+ unique users Monthly County courthouse, a Black in. The arrival of the investigation and arrested Curry like Washingtons occurred throughout the country around the turn the... The time, are discouragingly sparse Herman and Ervin were recovered separately and day. Widely known, no one in the area were related to labor.! A population of 5,000 or more the facts in the area were related to labor unrest America: the. Convict leasing system was punished publish articles grounded in peer-reviewed research and free... 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Writer focused on culture, entertainment, and the U.S. Congress never passed anti-lynching legislation the! The article title changed the course of the Spanish exploration headed by Alonso lvarez de Pineda in texas lynchings by county failed and. On the provided link on any marketing message on November 12 you may at... Sharecropper arrangement the Arthurs had with the Hodges was a losing proposition and it eventually worse... Into the prison and dragged the three men out of the jail between geographies statistically indistinguishable massive manhunt conducted... In flames, as texas lynchings by county somewhat conservative views about gender roles within.. South during the 20th century the Travis County lynching in America: Confronting the of! Proposition and it eventually grew worse of Louisiana to the French but the agreement was unclear over borders until!, no one in the next 40 years states, the electric chair began killed! 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