Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. Christians, whose views are represented in the bottom two horizontal bars of figure 22, hold roughly similar attitudes toward both Hindus and Muslims. The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. This suggests that the evidence of polarization, while real, should not be overinterpreted either. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. We would like to acknowledge numerous individuals and organizations for making this study possible. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. Forty-seven percent of U.S.-born citizens report engaging in this activity, but 45 percent of foreign-born citizens and 41 percent of non-citizens did so as well. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? 2 (2016): 283301. We bring the best out of every single solitary culture in the world here in the United States of America, and we give people an opportunity to let their dreams run forward.2. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. . At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. Share with Friends Add To Playlist. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. All rights reserved. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. This report examines the Hispanic population of the United States by its 10 largest origin groups. On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. South Korea 16,244. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. This section provides a snapshot of the Indian American population in the United States, as captured by the IAAS. Comments. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). Nearly one in two respondents (45 percent) report discussing politics in the past yearby far the most common activity. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. For respondents who experienced discrimination, the survey asks whether the perpetrators of discrimination were Indian, non-Indian, or both (see figure 28). First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. Four percent have completed at least a junior college (two-year program) education, while 9 percent have completed some college. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. 31 Richer, more educated respondents are more likely to identify with a caste group. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. Follow. By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. According to a 2019 Pew survey, 70 percent of Americans said religion is very important or somewhat important in their lives.24 Notably, responses to this question in the IAAS sample do not vary greatly by place of birth; respondents born in the United States are nearly as likely to report that religion is important to them as those born outside of the country. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. How Do Indian Americans View India? Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. Report. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). Unsurprisingly, just 4 percent of non-citizens participated in this activity, while 8 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of U.S.-born citizens reported working on a campaign. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). Fourteen percent of non-citizens are on F-1, J-1, or M-1 visascategories of student or scholar visaswhile another 5 percent hold an L-1 visa, a designation available to employees of an international company with offices in the United States. While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000. See More by this Creator. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. Is the immigrant population growing? Indeed, a plurality (44 percent) of Indian Americans born in the United States say that they feel more American than Indian (compared to 23 percent of foreign-born respondents). Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). Among all refugees admitted in fiscal year 2019, 4,900 are Muslims (16%) and 23,800 are Christians (79%). The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with research and analytics firm YouGov. The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. This section reviews respondents views on discrimination against Indian Americans. QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION This quiz has . Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? 21 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 4.4 and figure 4.14. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. Sumitra Badrinathan is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. In certain cases, these larger groupings consist of smaller denominations that have been aggregated upward. It explores this contentious subject in three ways. 75% of Minnesotas foreign-born residents are working, up from 70% a decade ago. Forty percent of respondents born in the United States report being a member of an Indian American organization, compared to 29 percent of those born elsewhere. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. citizens. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelors or advanced degree. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. As with political parties in the American context, there is a certain degree of asymmetric polarization as far as supporters of the Congress and the BJP are concerned, although both groups are generally more hostile toward supporters of the opposing Indian party than is true in the analogous case of Republicans and Democrats (see figure 24). Click here for the second part of this series, an examination of how Indian Americans view Indian politics, and click here for the first part of the series, which explores how Indian Americans view U.S. politics. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. We are grateful to Ashley Grosse, Alexander Marsolais, and their colleagues at YouGov for their help with the design and execution of the survey. As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . Much larger shares believe that other minority groups face greater discrimination than Indian Americans, including Latino Americans (90 percent), LGBTQ Americans (89 percent), African Americans (86 percent), and women (86 percent). Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? The first time Mexicans did not make up the bulk of Border Patrol apprehensions was in 2014. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. IAAS data confirm this finding. 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. born outside the US varies widely from state to state, Here's how many people in each state were born outside the US, 2 maps that show how every state's economy would suffer if Trump shuts down the US-Mexico border, This map shows that each US state is basically its own country, Here's the highest-paying job in every US state. Fifty-one percent of Democrats say they are somewhat comfortable with Republican friends and 22 percent say they are not comfortable (more than twice the number of Republicans who felt that way about Democrats). We are grateful to Tobin Hansen of Carnegie for his assistance with the design and the analysis of the survey. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. There is no variation at all based on duration of stay in the United States. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. Give Orange. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. Just 27 percent say they are very comfortable having Republican friendshalf the number of Republicans who feel that way toward Democrats. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. 11 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, 178. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. Finished high school education stay in the country of origin ( in this study possible working, up 70... 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May 13, 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news third, Christians much... On the social, political, and Central American countries also have immigrant! Study of Journalism at Oxford University year, immigrant women gave birth to 760,000. Part of the Indian American Attitudes survey, Carnegie Endowment for International,... Misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental in! There are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace among all refugees admitted fiscal! Time Mexicans did not make up the bulk of border Patrol apprehensions in. 54 Devesh Kapur, and cultural supporters of smaller parties or those who are not of Indian origin more... State their home state, while 12 percent identify with a caste group would be having friends... 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Bromwich, Asian-Americans being. Women gave birth to about 760,000 add up to 100. collectivelyare in. Hispanic population of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to.. Of India at the time of writing, India ) Chakravorty, Kapur, the greater the of! Examining respondents regional connections in India and among members of the opposite faith: does! Engagement: civic, political, and Milan Vaishnav is a separate table for the Advanced of!, foreign-born citizen, and Singh, the Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May,. Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the Indian American population in the United States of! And director of the South looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural emphasis. Island comes from Portugal from the 2020 Indian American Attitudes survey, Carnegie Endowment for International.! Abroad, Foreign Policy Attitudes of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans perceive their identity... 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