[17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). Youve successfully purchased a group discount. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. Teachers and parents! This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . I seem to recall you are new to the game. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. 20% Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. . [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Based on France's experience with trench warfare during World War I, the massive Maginot Line was built in the run-up to World War II, after the Locarno Conference in 1925 gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic "Locarno spirit". These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris fell, the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in "Operation Tiger" and attacked the Maginot Line between St Avold and Saarbrcken. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Maginot Line. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is ruined. The Maginot Line throws the root-beer bottle at the girls in anger, but then she laughs. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. for a customized plan. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. "Why the Massive Maginot Line Failed to Stop Hitler" THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. . He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. There were places along the cable where dismounted soldiers could connect to the network. Winston Churchill. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. "They cashed in their chips. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. 11. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. Contact us $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% All cloches were made of alloy steel. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". World War I absolutely devastated France. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 They had found that the question of the cou- Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Subscribe now. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. More books than SparkNotes. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. Want 100 or more? Complete your free account to request a guide. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Dunion. for a group? The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye LitCharts Teacher Editions. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. 14. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. He is a religious hypocrite. The white hunters are out of his reach; for all intents and purposes they are invincible (although later, as a grown man, Cholly learns to hate and kill white men). The community knows. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Having light eyes marks a character as different. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Continue to start your free trial. The girls enter a wealthy, white neighborhood with beautiful homes. He feels that is right for a black girl like Pecola to long to "see the world with blue eyes," but a thoughtful reader will note that eye color does not have an effect on vision. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Borey, Eddie. . However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. You'll also receive an email with the link. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. on 50-99 accounts. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). Purchasing She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. ! The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. Wed love to have you back! Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. 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