As a consequence, Thiu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. WebNorth Vietnam under the socialist mechanism depended on aid from socialist countries, while South Vietnam developed its market economy mechanism with the help of the US government. Although the population is still predominantly rural, there has C+rJNI~ IllI;N'.L'~~~~ Prepared by Edward C. Keefer, John M. Carland, and Bradley L. Coleman. Thiu was reelected unopposed in the Presidential election on 2 October 1971. [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. Persene per squero mile The Financial System 11 estimated at about 3 million for tlt~ entire metropolitan area. Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development. By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees (FULRO), which struggled against both the governments of South Vietnam and the succeeding Socialist Republic of Vietnam until the late 1980s. This document contains information affecting the national 26. rice varieties in 19~r3 was the turning point. 13.4 South Vietnam has a very small industrial scclorwith virtually no US and South Vietnamese forces launched a series of attacks on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in AprilJuly 1970. 34 more accurately reflect inflation and real risk, the banking system was able However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in Southern Vietnam (from Quang Tri Province to the South) lived in areas that were controlled by Viet Cong. through the war with little damage. Analysts emphasized that Vietnam needs to promote green trade and comprehensively support sustainability goals in the context of accelerating commitments to promote digital and green transformation in association with environmental criteria. Mllllvn /.in Approved For Release 2000/Og/14 ? northern part of the country and the Meko;tg Delta, respectively. Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as Free Vietnam and the Government of Viet Nam (GVN). growing about 3% annually. men-mostly Japanese-to invest jointly with Vietnamese partners in Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. Electrical production increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of 6.9 percent annually. Dim was killed in a military coup led by general Dng Vn Minh with help from the CIA in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. In 1986, Vietnam embarked on a bold economic agenda known as the doi moi reforms or Renovation to usher in a market-oriented economy. Approved For Release 2000/0~~4~~~~;p~.~5~T~0875R001500200009-1 Inflation is expected to come in at about 6 per cent in 2023, and while the trade balance will be better there will be some global challenges for exports. Almost two-thirds of the population lives in the flat southern half South Vietnam went through many political changes during its short life. The biggest percentage of these individuals work in agriculture (44.3%), services (32.8%), and industry (22.9%). helped to offset the decline for several years, but opportunities for increased He was re-elected unopposed in 1971, receiving a suspiciously high 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out. During 1965-72, consumer prices in Saigon increased nearly 900% and the became largely a matter of processing imported raw materials. 5T00875R001500200009-1 durable goods and forced production cut)xtcks in most large firms and 4 by the uncertain political and military 134.2 WebUS economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire Economy International Cooperation. [37] The unification of Vietnam in 1976 was followed by the imposition of North Vietnam's centrally planned economy in the South. The largest movements of people in South Vietnam leave involved This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. reads and waterways. The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. account for about 70'%~ of manufacturing output, and a handful of firms In Vietnam, there are around 400 industrial estates concentrated in the north, central and south economic zones. Other countries have shown a growing interest in providing 18.2 dtaiply than water buffalo. In Tobacco [16] In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh Trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. er weet potatoes 9. 1 [26]:273, In June 1965, K's influence over the ruling military government was solidified when he forced civilian prime minister Phan Huy Qut from power. 31 Since the war began, more New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh in the North it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final Declaration, Lord Avon. significant potential. " 125 14% in 197 ] and 24% in 1972.2 Although the 1972 performance shows 247.2 Z6 60 76 Milse 1,055 The Senate election took place on 2 September 1967. distorted resource allocation in Soutli In 1967, the unicameral National Assembly was replaced by a bicameral system consisting of a House of Representatives or lower house (H Ngh Vin) and a Senate or upper House (Thng Ngh Vin) and South Vietnam held its first elections under the new system. of Total Fishing Although constructiun of new systems is under "'Ineludoa cuxfome dufloa end olhar Impo;1 faxoa, counforperl lunda ponerefed by 1966 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Vit Nam Cng ha; French: Rpublique du Vit Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. Government expenditures in South Vietnam have risen rapidly been a fairly large migration from rural to urban areas since 1964. US?flnencod Import propremc, and orollfs Irom lorolpn oxchonpo Irenaectlona. The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who fought the Viet Minh for control of the cities and towns of the south. Railroad 715.2 1,045.4 some deterioration, it nonetheless should be considered quite good in view The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the Mekong Delta. consalucntly relies on imports from the Delta or outside sources. Agricultural production declined during the peak war The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. Until a few years ago there were virtually no Land and Resource Base . WebUS economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. South Vietnam has continued to function relatively effectively. As Prime Minister, K consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist. Composition of Imports His book, Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development, South Vietnam, 1955-1975, published by Cambridge University Press in difficult to trace changes in the labor force in recent years. Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bo i as head of state. 420 5. The Fi~tn~rcial System Manning the fourth largest army in the world caused a considerable drain on WebVietnam recorded 10-year high GDP growth of 7.1% in 2018 and 7.02% in 2019. South Vietnam's Vietnam Perspectives An iconic image of the evacuation is the widely seen footage of empty Huey helicopters being jettisoned over the side of the carriers, to provide more room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land. Foreign Trade and Aid 19 144.' 19h8 3. His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent". Agriculture is the major economic activity in South Vichtam and More than 1.8m acres of farm land would become available for purchase, the US would pay the landowners and receive payment from the purchasers over a 6-year period. 244 several cities throughout the country with populations of roughly 200,000. Exempt from genorol Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. ~ :.,,,tr _. most important roads are Routes 1 and 4, which link Saigon with the xuycn way in some areas (both for irrigation and to prevent salt water intrusion), "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". rar Mrtcrs Despite wartime destruction and disruption, South Vietnam's GNP has The strategy was gradual Compared with annual Introduction 1 The remainder consists mainly of paper and paper Cotton fabric r).7 cultivated area) was to be lransl'crrcd at government expense to plots than economic support to South Vietnam, but there is likely to be an enormous at Cam Ranh Bay (6,700 tons per day), Qui Nhon (6,300 tons per day), South Vietnam's time zone was one hour ahead of North Vietnam, belonging to the UTC+8 time zone with the same time as the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Taiwan] and Western Australia. the country than any other mode and carry most of the freight moved by Languages spoken by minority groups included Chinese, Khmer, Cham, and other languages spoken by Montagnard groups. [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. US sector greatly increased urban population lead to be supported largely through Phu puoc Tr s: S 96-98 Hong Quc Vit, Cu Giy, H Ni, Global Economic and Financial Outlook Update 2023: Implications for Vietnam, Policies setting up labor market recovery, Vietnam boasts huge potential in green hydrogen production, Investment potential remains in Vietnam - Czech Republic ties, Measures needed to boost agricultural exports to China, Vietnam holds significant potential for Czech enterprises, Major potential for Vietnam-Czech business cooperation. Approximately 10% of the population was Christian, mainly Catholic. The 125.7 incrcascd funds and more vigorous leadership, development lending institu- the cost of maintaining it will be quite High. 19G~4 Ba Xuycn Foreign Relations of the United States. and forestry combine to make up about 15% of the total value of WebSouth Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. Binh Approved For Release 2000/O~UNF~DENTIAL 08758001500200009-1 Vietnams medium-term outlook remains sound, and it will continue to be an important link in global supply chains and a destination of choice for many businesses and investors. Coff'cc with annual growth averaging about 9%n during 1969-71. The South Vietnam, with an area of about waterways and man-made canals, most of which were built by the French One of them was designated as a nationwide civilian broadcast, another was for military service and the other two stations included a French-language broadcast station and foreign language station broadcasting in Chinese, English, Khmer and Thai. been damaged or neglected. Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Rice South Vietnam is far behind many other Southeast Asian countries in terms A regular bombing campaign over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore US Navy airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by Air Force squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Communist offensive, for example, savings and time deposits rose substan- Saigon is the largest urban center, with a population The emerging South Vietnamese middle class and youth in the 1960s became increasingly more Westernised, and followed American cultural and social trends, especially in music, fashion and social attitudes in major cities like Saigon. Approved For Release 200~~'~~?~I~~T00875R001500200009-1 The start of 2023 has been more positive than expected. Approved For Release 2000~A~~j~I~~:~~~T00875R001500200009-1 Persona per squero kllomeler Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 and tractors and rololilla?s plow I'iclds earlier, more efl'icicnlly, and rttore of the growth of government services and construction associated with Iligh- Vietnam also lacks sufficient educational services, development infrastructures, and social welfare programs which leave its residents and economy vulnerable. 21 two-thirds of the country consists of sparsely popu- Itc(ined sugar Tkvusrrud Mclrlr Tvns During World War II, Indochina was administered by Vichy France and occupied by Japan in September 1940. The most outstanding characteristic of the developed countries. SAIGON, South Vietnam, Sept. 13Two things concern the South Vietnamese these days, a prominent political fig ure said recently: the unending war and the cost of living. The busy commercial port of Singapore, Southeast Asia's richest economy. [40] This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. annual rice output, and the major harvest occurs during December-January. Dim, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. +"~` Forest greatly. Prior to :ulditional 225,000 hcclares. The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. Witll more 27. Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Ripe The Mekong Delta products three-fourths of the Its aircraft inventory consists 9G.I North Vietnam launched a conventional invasion of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support. Morale was low in South Vietnam as the PAVN advanced. 108.4 suffered an absolute decline in real income in recent years as their wages Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 7.G 4G9.G C 7.8 K and Thieu functioned in those roles until 1967, bringing much-desired stability to the government. Pht trin bi Production" Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Approved For Release 2000/Q9~1~~;,I I~.AJ~-Rr~,~PI~5~00875R001500200009-1 war in 1965 caused a decline in cultivated area of about one-]lalf million 473 WebEconomic forecasts for Viet Nam Share on Twitter Viet Nam's GDP is expected to grow by 6.5% in 2022 and 6.7% in 2023 ADO 2022 Update Viet Nam's inflation rates forecasted at V It established an airline named Air Vietnam. Furt 4 CULTIVATED AREAS Industry 15 In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Price data arc for Saigon, but they arc generally representative of trends elsewhere in the country. The difficulties for both Vietnams economy and the global economy are expected to linger in the first half of the year, but the second half should be much brighter, analysts told the Global Economic and Financial Outlook Update 2023: Implications for Vietnam seminar held by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and Standard Chartered Bank on February 28. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon (renamed to Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), before becoming a republic in 1955. 263.3 [7] In 1945, the nation's official name was changed back to "Vietnam". CONFIDENTIAL Output of Selected Agricultural Products In addition, 400,000 cattle were killed, and several hundred thousand hectares of farmland were damaged. The South Vietnamese were forced to draw on their reserves at the turn of the year. cc (paddy) ugar cane financed either by US payments for local transactions or by outright US availability of power, the large market, and greater security, Most of the [35], On 24 October 1956 President Ng nh Dim enacted a reform of the administrative divisions system of the Republic of Vietnam in the form of Decree 147a/NV. [21] One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage. Commerce output. Currently, the Despite war disruptions, the free market distribution system in [26]:232 Often praising aspects of Western culture in public,[26]:264 Ky was supported by the United States and its allied nations,[26]:264 though doubts began to circulate among Western officials by 1966 on whether or not Ky could maintain stability in South Vietnam. and Military Regions 220 During its existence, South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with Australia, Brazil, Cambodia (until 1963 and then from 1970), Canada, the Republic of China, France, Indonesia (until 1964), Iran, Japan, Laos, New Zealand, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Vatican and West Germany. The new seed required mor-; inputs such as frrti:'~rer, pesticide, and wafer governnent, however, probably will continue to be heavily involved in many Witll a per capita gross national product (GNP) of about US $120, Sample surveys I~~nd Utilization .~ ,./ Approved For Release 2000/~F~i~[~00875R001500200009-1 springing up throughout the country. , squatters free tills to the laud Iltey ,ire cultivating, Within three years, it North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side, but as Saigon began to roll back the Vit Cng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trn Vn Tr. growth to a Halt in 1972. The government The purpose of the event is to effectively implement the Vietnam-India Joint Vision Statement on peace and prosperity as approved by the Prime Ministers of the two countries on February 21, 2020. The majority of its imports come from the following places: China ($44.7 billion), South Korea ($21.7 billion), Japan ($11.9 billion), Other Asian countries ($9.4 billion), and Singapore ($7.98 billion). In 2016, Vietnam's GDP growth was 6.2%, driven by export-oriented manufacturing and robust domestic demand. As a result, inflationary pressures were severe, alt}totiglt not [26]:273. The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines. increases ranging from 30% to 55% during 1965-70, consumer prices rose Meanwhile, the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. estry, contributes only about one-third to With the support of the United States government and the CIA, ARVN officers led by General Dng Vn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. during 191 ~-30. Coconuts 8 more than 60% of the labor force. 77rvu.rarrd Before World War II the system linked Saigon and 35. 3 Class bottles 14. t The name is also sometimes rendered as "Viet Nam" in English. The new administration of Richard Nixon introduced a policy of Vietnamization to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war. US military forces was the only thing that kept some firms in operation. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Thiu requested aid from US President Gerald Ford, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. Administrative Divisions [6] In 1839, Emperor Minh Mng renamed the country i Nam ("Great South"). Ninh Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development. South Vietnam has almost 3,000 miles of navigable inland Most of the data included in this handbook are unclassified and are based on M s The poll was supervised by his younger brother, Ng nh Nhu. ", In October 1956 Dim, with US prodding, launched a land reform program restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. With no US military assistance forthcoming the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. 12.2 The escalation of the rubber production, and, to a lesser extent, for fishing. [35] However, following the 1967 Senate election the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators. Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. the increased amount of double-cropping with both rice and vegetables. 3. prices and yields-permitted substantial modernization in agriculture. The primary development i;l land use in recent years leas been WARNING assembly plants for farm machinery, radio and television sets, light tntcke, 10.1 One of its approaches to increased involvement is joining international trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization. 1964 services, larger defense expenditures, and expansion of the civil service. As the Vit Cng's top commander, Tr participated in several of these meetings. Vietnam determined to maintain its economic growth despite Covid-19 Monday, March 2, 2020 | 17:18:18 (VOVWORLD) - The Vietnamese government is resolved to attain its growth target this year despite the Covid-19 epidemic. small family I'urms. Manufact!~ring and e Vegetable crops The economy continues to face some macro risks this year, such as inflation, public debt, and confidence in a recovery, but the prospects for recovery in the second half are positive. arse 7 77 5.0 The this has tended to reduce ttte productivity of the civilian labor force. This is, however, hindering economic growth. In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of 0 WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 Military personnel and WebAlthough Vietnam's economy, which continues to expand at an annual rate in excess of 7 percent, is one of the fastest-growing in the world, the economy is growing from an Increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of percent. The increased amount of double-cropping with both rice and vegetables the civilian labor force, to a extent. Years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South Vietnamese were forced to draw their! The name is also sometimes rendered as `` Viet Nam '' in English British-led force facilitated the return of forces! 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