gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Nasu, N. (1935). Dhunche The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. You can also search for this author in the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Rajendran, C. P., John, B., Rajendran, K., & Sanwal, J. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. , - . Bihar Earthquake, 1934. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. . Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. 259277). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC 8.0 magnitude, 15 km depth Lahn, Eastern Region, Nepal 8.0 magnitude earthquake 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Impact Summary; Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. [14] Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, an eminent freedom fighter, worked extensively in the earthquake relief operations. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. (2016). Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Nepal is exposed to several recurring hazards. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). (M 6.9) The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Res. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. He As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Geophys. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. 4. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Google Scholar. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. 3. Nature Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. To obtain Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Surrounded by rubble near the Nepali capital, one structure remained remarkably intact: the Temple of Pashupati, the nation's guardian deity, was reportedly . Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Bilham, R. (2019). Bomford, G. (1937). For More Information. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. Publ. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Springer, Singapore. Heres The Truth! Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. Princeton University Press. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. (1981). Sci. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). Res. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. CrossRef Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. A., Auden, J. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. 1442-1444. Jorganesh Press. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). 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