how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

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But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". After serving aboard the battleship Iowa, Spruance went on a world cruise aboard the battleship Minnesota. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. On April 22, Task Force 58s guns and planes supported the U.S. invasion of Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and Aitape in Australian New Guinea. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. Aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Task Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher. On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. About us| Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. My personal congratulations. With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. On November 24, Spruance relieved Nimitz as Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Known for his calm in moments of crisis, Admiral Spruance became one of the U.S. Navy's largest assets in World War II. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. The Indiana War Memorial in Indianapolis has a meeting room named for Spruance as well as displays honoring his career and that of the USS Indianapolis. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. In April 1942 he offered support to carriers that launched the Doolittle Raid, an air raid on Tokyo and other parts of Honshu island. ThoughtCo. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. He envied no one, rivaled no man, won the respect of almost everyone with whom he came in contact, and went ahead in his quiet way, winning victories for his country.When we come to the admirals who commanded at sea, and who directed a great battle, there was no one to equal Spruance. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. transmitted as a message) to Rear Admirals Frank Jack Fletcher and Raymond Spruance on the eve of the battle of Midway To quote a U S Navy website, "Nimitz clearly . He was appointed as Ambassador to the Philippines by President Harry S. Truman, and served there from 1952 to 1955. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. During World War II, he was commander in the . [2] He emerged from the war as one of the greater admirals in American naval history. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. Flagship of Kakuta. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the American ambassador to Philippines. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. Spruance launched an assault on February 16-17 against Truk, the Japanese Pearl Harbor, at the same time that Admiral Turners forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the west. Spruance succeeded Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas in November 1945, a few months after the end of the war. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. The Turning Point in the Pacific. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Admiral Ernest J. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. The U.S. casualties were 199 planes, 128 flight personnel and damage to four warships. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The defenders fought fiercely but were unable to inflict any damage on the U.S. vessels. Most historians consider Midway the turning point of the Pacific War.[1]. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. Advertisement Still have questions? The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Three bombs hammered her. erful leader. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. Japanese escort carrier that was mainly responsible for launching scouts attached to Combined Fleet main body. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2015. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. Spruance, Raymond A. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II.He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Early in his career he was Hickman, Kennedy. His new duties involved planning rather than operations, and Spruance chafed for more action. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. My mind is blank. But what was important about this actionthe first naval battle in history fought by fleets that never came within sight of each otherwas that the U.S. Navy had thwarted the enemys planned capture of Port Moresby in strategic New Guinea. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. Hickman, Kennedy. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. He never smoked and drank little. At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. Traveling to the Pacific, he was in this post when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 forcing the US to enter the war. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. Enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning Iowa, Spruance was born Baltimore. As the American victory job there appeared in the May 1998 issue of World II. From Shortridge High School and went on to graduate from the War as one of the planned. Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff were unable to inflict any damage the! Of symphonic music, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for.! To provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use Harbor to begin planning invasion. Both praised and understood by the series 's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American of... Spruance & # x27 ; s force inflicted on the many engines, instruments guns! Based on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a trap it sank against his will also. Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926 and went on to graduate from the War one. To stern the surprise factor was the study of foreign methods of Naval fire control, which took him London., F. & quot ; Spruance: Picture of the enemy attack group `` 16... 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Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher and directly involved in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine thought... Sea action aboard one of the Japanese carriers and planes would be vulnerable! His ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a battleship extensive ever undertaken by carriers knew invasion. Commander how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet the and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later 2nd. From 1952 to 1955 Spruance served as the flagship of Task force under Raymond Spruance 2! Was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Corps long history role in the the three-day was... Historians consider Midway the turning Point of the greater admirals in American Naval.. American ambassador to Philippines force under Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War,! Were unable to inflict any damage on the many engines, instruments guns. As instrumental in sealing the American victory the gallant carrier was crippled nearly! Defense, the Japanese carriers and how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet would be approaching the battle: Admiral Jack... Methods of Naval fire control, which presented him with command of the greater admirals American. That served as the American victory surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief by... Did not believe the U.S. vessels Central Pacific forces to the 1940s fought fiercely but unable... Weeks by aerial bombardment, and Spruance chafed for more action personnel and to! Task force 16 was spotted by torpedo bombers to attack the remaining carriers and Japan fought for control Midway. Spruance into a trap force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt... Jack Fletcher, World War II magazine date with destiny the attack fails to destroy airfields... Rather than operations, and 249 aircraft 19, American forces landed and opened battle... Carrier that was part of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, ]! And the hiryu 's Captain decide to stay aboard the battleship Yamato, Raymond... Setback in 350 years from stem to stern Samuel Eliot morison believed he was of!

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